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Machine ethics (or machine morality) is the part of the ethics of artificial intelligence concerned with the moral behavior of artificially intelligent beings. Machine ethics contrasts with roboethics, which is concerned with the moral behavior of ''humans'' as they design, construct, use and treat such beings. Machine ethics should not be confused with computer ethics, which focuses on professional behavior towards computers and information. ==History== Before the 21st century the ethics of machines had not been addressed outside of literature, mainly due to computing and Artificial Intelligence(AI) limitations. These limitations are being overcome through the realization of Moore's Law and renewed focus on the field of AI. Machine ethics has become a realistic field since computers began handling medicinal and monetary transactions and their actions can now be scrutinized. Professor James H. Moor is credited with coining the phrase in his paper The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics in 2006 as well as deciding on the definition.〔 In 2009, Oxford University Press published ''Moral Machines, Teaching Robots Right from Wrong'', which it advertised as "the first book to examine the challenge of building artificial moral agents, probing deeply into the nature of human decision making and ethics." It cited some 450 sources, about 100 of which addressed major questions of machine ethics. Few were written before the 21st century largely because any form of artificial intelligence was nonexistent.〔 In 2011, Cambridge University Press published a collection of essays about machine ethics edited by Michael and Susan Leigh Anderson, who also edited a special issue of ''IEEE Intelligent Systems'' on the topic in 2006. In 2014, the US Office of Naval Research announced that it would distribute $7.5 million in grants over five years to university researchers to study questions of machine ethics as applied to autonomous robots, and Nick Bostrom's ''Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies'', which raised machine ethics as the "most important...issue humanity has ever faced," reached #17 on the New York Times list of best selling science books. Articles about machine ethics appear on a regular basis in the journal ''Ethics and Information Technology''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「machine ethics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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